Sutra 1 1 5: Difference between revisions

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==Word-by-Word Breakdown==
== Word-by-Word Breakdown ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning
|-
|-
| अथ || atha || अब || now
| अथ || atha || अब – आगे का विषय प्रारंभ || now; commencement of next topic
|-
| तत् || tat || वह || that
|-
|-
| पूर्वकं || pūrvakaṃ || पूर्ववर्ती || preceded by
| तत्पूर्वकं || tat-pūrvakam || उसके पहले का – पूर्ववर्ती के साथ सम्बन्धित || preceded by that; based on the previous
|-
|-
| त्रिविधम् || trividham || तीन प्रकार का || threefold
| त्रिविधम् || tri-vidham || तीन प्रकार का – तीन भेदों में विभाजित || threefold; of three kinds
|-
|-
| अनुमानम् || anumānam || अनुमान || inference
| अनुमानम् || anumānam || अनुमान – प्रत्यक्ष से भिन्न ज्ञान का साधन || inference; means of knowledge distinct from perception
|-
|-
| पूर्ववत् || pūrvavat || पूर्व के समान || like the former
| पूर्ववत् || pūrvavat || पूर्ववत – पूर्व के समान || like the prior; based on prior occurrence
|-
|-
| शेषवत् || śeṣavat || शेष के समान || like the latter
| शेषवत् || śeṣavat || शेषवत् – शेष के आधार पर || based on the remaining; from the residue
|-
|-
| सामान्यतोदृष्टम् || sāmānyatodṛṣṭam || सामान्य रूप से देखा गया || generally observed
| सामान्यतः दृष्टम् || sāmānyataḥ dṛṣṭam || सामान्यतः देखा गया – सामान्य अनुभव पर आधारित || generally observed; based on general observation
|-
|-
| च || ca || और || and
| च || ca || और – संयोजक || and; conjunction
|}
|}


==Concept List==
== Concept List ==
* त्रिविधम् अनुमानम् (threefold inference)
 
* पूर्ववत् (like the former)
* त्रिविध अनुमान (threefold inference)
* शेषवत् (like the latter)
* पूर्ववत् अनुमान (inference from prior occurrence)
* सामान्यतोदृष्टम् (generally observed)
* शेषवत् अनुमान (inference from residue)
* सामान्यतोदृष्ट अनुमान (inference from general observation)
* अनुमान (inference)
 
== Subject–Verb–Object Triples ==
 
* inference – is classified as – threefold
* threefold inference – comprises – inference from prior occurrence
* threefold inference – comprises – inference from residue
* threefold inference – comprises – inference from general observation
 
== Triple Tables ==
 
=== Hindi ===


==Subject–Verb–Object Triples==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O)
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O)
|-
|-
| अनुमानम् || है || त्रिविधम्
| अनुमान || वर्गीकृत है || त्रिविध
|-
| त्रिविध अनुमान || में सम्मिलित है || पूर्ववत् अनुमान
|-
| त्रिविध अनुमान || में सम्मिलित है || शेषवत् अनुमान
|-
| त्रिविध अनुमान || में सम्मिलित है || सामान्यतोदृष्ट अनुमान
|}
|}
=== English ===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
|-
|-
| Inference || is || threefold
| inference || is classified as || threefold
|-
| threefold inference || comprises || inference from prior occurrence
|-
| threefold inference || comprises || inference from residue
|-
| threefold inference || comprises || inference from general observation
|}
|}


==Translation/Explanation==
== Translation/Explanation ==
===Hindi===
 
अब, वह जो पूर्ववर्ती है, तीन प्रकार का अनुमान होता है: पूर्ववत्, शेषवत्, और सामान्यतोदृष्टम्।
=== Hindi ===
इस सूत्र में कहा गया है कि अब (अथ) पूर्व के विषयों के बाद अनुमान का विषय प्रारंभ होता है। अनुमान तीन प्रकार का होता है – पूर्ववत् (पूर्व के समान घटना से अनुमान), शेषवत् (शेष के आधार पर अनुमान), और सामान्यतोदृष्ट (सामान्य अनुभव पर आधारित अनुमान)। ये तीनों अनुमान के भेद हैं, जो भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार की तर्क प्रक्रिया को दर्शाते हैं।


===English===
=== English ===
Now, that which is preceded by, inference is threefold: like the former, like the latter, and generally observed.
This sūtra states that, following the previous topics, the discussion of inference begins. Inference is of three types: inference from prior occurrence (pūrvavat), inference from residue (śeṣavat), and inference from general observation (sāmānyato dṛṣṭa). These represent the threefold classification of inference in Nyāya, each indicating a distinct logical process.

Latest revision as of 23:42, 17 April 2025

Sutra 1_1_5

Original Text: 

अथ तत्पूर्वकं त्रिविधमनुमानं पूर्ववच्छेषवत् सामान्यतोदृष्टञ्च

Word-by-Word Breakdown

Sanskrit Term Transliteration Hindi Meaning English Meaning
अथ atha अब – आगे का विषय प्रारंभ now; commencement of next topic
तत्पूर्वकं tat-pūrvakam उसके पहले का – पूर्ववर्ती के साथ सम्बन्धित preceded by that; based on the previous
त्रिविधम् tri-vidham तीन प्रकार का – तीन भेदों में विभाजित threefold; of three kinds
अनुमानम् anumānam अनुमान – प्रत्यक्ष से भिन्न ज्ञान का साधन inference; means of knowledge distinct from perception
पूर्ववत् pūrvavat पूर्ववत – पूर्व के समान like the prior; based on prior occurrence
शेषवत् śeṣavat शेषवत् – शेष के आधार पर based on the remaining; from the residue
सामान्यतः दृष्टम् sāmānyataḥ dṛṣṭam सामान्यतः देखा गया – सामान्य अनुभव पर आधारित generally observed; based on general observation
च ca और – संयोजक and; conjunction

Concept List

  • त्रिविध अनुमान (threefold inference)
  • पूर्ववत् अनुमान (inference from prior occurrence)
  • शेषवत् अनुमान (inference from residue)
  • सामान्यतोदृष्ट अनुमान (inference from general observation)
  • अनुमान (inference)

Subject–Verb–Object Triples

  • inference – is classified as – threefold
  • threefold inference – comprises – inference from prior occurrence
  • threefold inference – comprises – inference from residue
  • threefold inference – comprises – inference from general observation

Triple Tables

Hindi

विषय (S) संबंध (V) वस्तु (O)
अनुमान वर्गीकृत है त्रिविध
त्रिविध अनुमान में सम्मिलित है पूर्ववत् अनुमान
त्रिविध अनुमान में सम्मिलित है शेषवत् अनुमान
त्रिविध अनुमान में सम्मिलित है सामान्यतोदृष्ट अनुमान

English

Subject (S) Relation (V) Object (O)
inference is classified as threefold
threefold inference comprises inference from prior occurrence
threefold inference comprises inference from residue
threefold inference comprises inference from general observation

Translation/Explanation

Hindi

इस सूत्र में कहा गया है कि अब (अथ) पूर्व के विषयों के बाद अनुमान का विषय प्रारंभ होता है। अनुमान तीन प्रकार का होता है – पूर्ववत् (पूर्व के समान घटना से अनुमान), शेषवत् (शेष के आधार पर अनुमान), और सामान्यतोदृष्ट (सामान्य अनुभव पर आधारित अनुमान)। ये तीनों अनुमान के भेद हैं, जो भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार की तर्क प्रक्रिया को दर्शाते हैं।

English

This sūtra states that, following the previous topics, the discussion of inference begins. Inference is of three types: inference from prior occurrence (pūrvavat), inference from residue (śeṣavat), and inference from general observation (sāmānyato dṛṣṭa). These represent the threefold classification of inference in Nyāya, each indicating a distinct logical process.

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