Sutra 1 1 6: Difference between revisions

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```mediawiki
== Word-by-Word Breakdown ==
== 1. Word-by-Word Breakdown ==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning
|-
|-
| प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्यात् || prasiddhasādharmyāt || प्रसिद्धि और समानता के होने के कारण || Due to the known similarity
| प्रसिद्ध || prasiddha || प्रसिद्ध – सामान्यतः ज्ञात या प्रचलित || commonly known or established
|-
|-
| साध्यसाधनम् || sādhyasādhanam || सिद्ध करने योग्य वस्तु और सिद्ध करने वाला साधन || The object to be proved and the means of proof
| साधर्म्यात् || sādharmyāt || समानता के कारण – गुण या स्वरूप में समानता के कारण || due to similarity (in attribute or nature)
|-
|-
| उपमानम् || upamānam || उपमान (तुलना द्वारा प्रमाण) || Comparison as a means of proof
| साध्य || sādhyā || सिद्ध्य के लिए – जो जानना या स्थापित करना है || that which is to be established (the target concept)
|-
| साधनम् || sādhanam || साधन – जानने का माध्यम या उपाय || means of knowledge or instrument
|-
| उपमानम् || upamānam || उपमान – उपमेय और उपमान के बीच समानता से उत्पन्न ज्ञान || comparison (analogy as a means of knowledge)
|}
|}


== 2. Concept List ==
== Concept List ==


प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य
* उपमान (upamāna)
साध्य
* प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य (similarity to the well-known)
साधन
* साध्य (the object to be known)
साध्यसाधन 
* साधन (means of knowledge)
उपमान 
प्रमाण 
तुलना 


== 3. Subject–Verb–Object Triples ==
== Subject–Verb–Object Triples ==


- प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्यात् उपमानम् साध्यसाधनमुपायं भवति 
* उपमान – उत्पन्न करता है – साध्यसाधन (analogy produces means for knowing the target)
- उपमानम् साध्यसाधनम् प्रमाणम् भवति 
* प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य – कारण है – उपमान (similarity to the well-known is the cause of analogy)


== 4. Triple Tables ==
== Triple Tables ==


=== Hindi ===
=== Hindi ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O)
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O)
|-
| उपमान || उत्पन्न करता है || साध्यसाधन
|-
|-
| प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य || कारण है || उपमान
| प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य || कारण है || उपमान
|-
| उपमान || होता है || साध्यसाधन प्रमाण
|}
|}


=== English ===
=== English ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
|-
|-
| Known similarity || is the reason for || upamāna
| Analogy (Upamāna) || produces || means for knowing the target (sādhyasādhana)
|-
|-
| Upamāna || serves as || proof of the object and its means
| Similarity to the well-known (prasiddha-sādharmya) || is the cause of || analogy (upamāna)
|}
|}


== 5. Translation/Explanation ==
== Translation/Explanation ==


=== Hindi ===
=== Hindi ===
इस सूत्र का अर्थ है कि जब सिद्ध करने योग्य वस्तु (साध्य) और सिद्ध करने वाला साधन (साधन) के मध्य कोई प्रसिद्ध और ज्ञात समानता (प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य) हो, तब तुलनात्मक प्रमाण (उपमान) सिद्धि के लिए उपयुक्त होता है। अर्थात्, उपमान प्रमाण तब माना जाता है जब सिद्ध वस्तु और साधन के बीच स्वाभाविक समानता प्रसिद्ध हो।
इस सूत्र में कहा गया है कि जब किसी ज्ञात वस्तु के समानता के आधार पर किसी अज्ञात वस्तु का ज्ञान होता है, तब उस ज्ञान के साधन को 'उपमान' कहा जाता है। अर्थात्, प्रसिद्ध वस्तु के साथ समानता के कारण जो साध्य (जानने योग्य) वस्तु का ज्ञान प्राप्त होता है, वह उपमान प्रमाण कहलाता है।


=== English ===
=== English ===
This sutra states that when there is a well-known similarity (prasiddha-sādharmya) between the object to be proved (sādhya) and the means of proof (sādhana), the means of proof by comparison (upamāna) is effective. In other words, upamāna is valid as a method of proof when the object and the means share an established, recognized similarity.
This sūtra states that when knowledge of an unknown object is obtained through its similarity to a well-known object, the means of such knowledge is called 'analogy' (upamāna). In other words, due to similarity with something commonly known, the means by which the target object is known is termed analogy as a valid source of knowledge.
```

Latest revision as of 23:42, 17 April 2025

Sutra 1_1_6

Original Text: 

प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्यात् साध्यसाधनमुपमानम्

Word-by-Word Breakdown

Sanskrit Term Transliteration Hindi Meaning English Meaning
प्रसिद्ध prasiddha प्रसिद्ध – सामान्यतः ज्ञात या प्रचलित commonly known or established
साधर्म्यात् sādharmyāt समानता के कारण – गुण या स्वरूप में समानता के कारण due to similarity (in attribute or nature)
साध्य sādhyā सिद्ध्य के लिए – जो जानना या स्थापित करना है that which is to be established (the target concept)
साधनम् sādhanam साधन – जानने का माध्यम या उपाय means of knowledge or instrument
उपमानम् upamānam उपमान – उपमेय और उपमान के बीच समानता से उत्पन्न ज्ञान comparison (analogy as a means of knowledge)

Concept List

  • उपमान (upamāna)
  • प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य (similarity to the well-known)
  • साध्य (the object to be known)
  • साधन (means of knowledge)

Subject–Verb–Object Triples

  • उपमान – उत्पन्न करता है – साध्यसाधन (analogy produces means for knowing the target)
  • प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य – कारण है – उपमान (similarity to the well-known is the cause of analogy)

Triple Tables

Hindi

विषय (S) संबंध (V) वस्तु (O)
उपमान उत्पन्न करता है साध्यसाधन
प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्य कारण है उपमान

English

Subject (S) Relation (V) Object (O)
Analogy (Upamāna) produces means for knowing the target (sādhyasādhana)
Similarity to the well-known (prasiddha-sādharmya) is the cause of analogy (upamāna)

Translation/Explanation

Hindi

इस सूत्र में कहा गया है कि जब किसी ज्ञात वस्तु के समानता के आधार पर किसी अज्ञात वस्तु का ज्ञान होता है, तब उस ज्ञान के साधन को 'उपमान' कहा जाता है। अर्थात्, प्रसिद्ध वस्तु के साथ समानता के कारण जो साध्य (जानने योग्य) वस्तु का ज्ञान प्राप्त होता है, वह उपमान प्रमाण कहलाता है।

English

This sūtra states that when knowledge of an unknown object is obtained through its similarity to a well-known object, the means of such knowledge is called 'analogy' (upamāna). In other words, due to similarity with something commonly known, the means by which the target object is known is termed analogy as a valid source of knowledge.

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