Sutra 1 1 3: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Vij Added/updated by bot page {page_title} |
imported>Vij Added/updated by bot page Sutra_1_1_3 |
||
| (One intermediate revision by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
==Word-by-Word Breakdown== | == Word-by-Word Breakdown == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning | ! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| प्रत्यक्ष || pratyakṣa || प्रत्यक्ष – | | प्रत्यक्ष || pratyakṣa || प्रत्यक्ष – इन्द्रिय द्वारा सीधा अनुभव || direct perception through the senses | ||
|- | |- | ||
| अनुमान || anumāna || अनुमान – तर्क द्वारा | | अनुमान || anumāna || अनुमान – तर्क द्वारा निष्कर्ष || inference through reasoning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| उपमान || upamāna || उपमान – | | उपमान || upamāna || उपमान – समानता के आधार पर ज्ञान || knowledge based on analogy or comparison | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | शब्दाः || śabdāḥ || शब्द – प्रमाणिक वचन या प्रमाणित कथन || authoritative verbal testimony | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | प्रमाणानि || pramāṇāni || प्रमाण – ज्ञान का साधन || means of valid knowledge | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Concept List== | == Concept List == | ||
* प्रत्यक्ष ( | * प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) – direct perception | ||
* अनुमान ( | * अनुमान (anumāna) – inference | ||
* उपमान ( | * उपमान (upamāna) – analogy | ||
* शब्द ( | * शब्द (śabda) – verbal testimony | ||
* प्रमाण ( | * प्रमाण (pramāṇa) – means of valid knowledge | ||
== Subject–Verb–Object Triples == | |||
* प्रत्यक्ष, is classified as, प्रमाण | |||
* अनुमान, is classified as, प्रमाण | |||
* उपमान, is classified as, प्रमाण | |||
* शब्द, is classified as, प्रमाण | |||
== Triple Tables == | |||
== | === Hindi === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O) | ! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| प्रत्यक्ष || प्रमाण | | प्रत्यक्ष || प्रमाण के रूप में गिना जाता है || प्रमाण | ||
|- | |- | ||
| अनुमान || प्रमाण | | अनुमान || प्रमाण के रूप में गिना जाता है || प्रमाण | ||
|- | |- | ||
| उपमान || प्रमाण | | उपमान || प्रमाण के रूप में गिना जाता है || प्रमाण | ||
|- | |- | ||
| शब्द || प्रमाण | | शब्द || प्रमाण के रूप में गिना जाता है || प्रमाण | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== English === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O) | ! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | pratyakṣa (direct perception) || is classified as || pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | anumāna (inference) || is classified as || pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | upamāna (analogy) || is classified as || pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | śabda (verbal testimony) || is classified as || pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Translation/Explanation== | == Translation/Explanation == | ||
===Hindi=== | |||
इस सूत्र में | === Hindi === | ||
इस सूत्र में न्याय दर्शन के अनुसार चार प्रमाणों का उल्लेख किया गया है— प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान और शब्द। ये चारों ज्ञान प्राप्ति के प्रमाण माने गए हैं, अर्थात् ये वे साधन हैं जिनके द्वारा सत्य और यथार्थ ज्ञान की प्राप्ति संभव है। | |||
===English=== | === English === | ||
This sūtra | This sūtra enumerates the four means of valid knowledge according to the Nyāya school: direct perception, inference, analogy, and verbal testimony. These are recognized as the fundamental instruments through which true and reliable knowledge is obtained. | ||
Latest revision as of 23:41, 17 April 2025
Sutra 1_1_3
Original Text:
प्रत्यक्षानुमानोपमानशब्दाः प्रमाणानि
Word-by-Word Breakdown
| Sanskrit Term | Transliteration | Hindi Meaning | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| प्रत्यक्ष | pratyakṣa | प्रत्यक्ष – इन्द्रिय द्वारा सीधा अनुभव | direct perception through the senses |
| अनुमान | anumāna | अनुमान – तर्क द्वारा निष्कर्ष | inference through reasoning |
| उपमान | upamāna | उपमान – समानता के आधार पर ज्ञान | knowledge based on analogy or comparison |
| शब्दाः | śabdāḥ | शब्द – प्रमाणिक वचन या प्रमाणित कथन | authoritative verbal testimony |
| प्रमाणानि | pramāṇāni | प्रमाण – ज्ञान का साधन | means of valid knowledge |
Concept List
- प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) – direct perception
- अनुमान (anumāna) – inference
- उपमान (upamāna) – analogy
- शब्द (śabda) – verbal testimony
- प्रमाण (pramāṇa) – means of valid knowledge
Subject–Verb–Object Triples
- प्रत्यक्ष, is classified as, प्रमाण
- अनुमान, is classified as, प्रमाण
- उपमान, is classified as, प्रमाण
- शब्द, is classified as, प्रमाण
Triple Tables
Hindi
| विषय (S) | संबंध (V) | वस्तु (O) |
|---|---|---|
| प्रत्यक्ष | प्रमाण के रूप में गिना जाता है | प्रमाण |
| अनुमान | प्रमाण के रूप में गिना जाता है | प्रमाण |
| उपमान | प्रमाण के रूप में गिना जाता है | प्रमाण |
| शब्द | प्रमाण के रूप में गिना जाता है | प्रमाण |
English
| Subject (S) | Relation (V) | Object (O) |
|---|---|---|
| pratyakṣa (direct perception) | is classified as | pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) |
| anumāna (inference) | is classified as | pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) |
| upamāna (analogy) | is classified as | pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) |
| śabda (verbal testimony) | is classified as | pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) |
Translation/Explanation
Hindi
इस सूत्र में न्याय दर्शन के अनुसार चार प्रमाणों का उल्लेख किया गया है— प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान और शब्द। ये चारों ज्ञान प्राप्ति के प्रमाण माने गए हैं, अर्थात् ये वे साधन हैं जिनके द्वारा सत्य और यथार्थ ज्ञान की प्राप्ति संभव है।
English
This sūtra enumerates the four means of valid knowledge according to the Nyāya school: direct perception, inference, analogy, and verbal testimony. These are recognized as the fundamental instruments through which true and reliable knowledge is obtained.