Sutra 3 2 3

Sutra 3_2_3

Original Text:

साध्यसमत्वादहेतुः

Word-by-Word Breakdown

Sanskrit Term	Transliteration	Hindi Meaning	English Meaning
साध्यसमत्वात्	sādhyasamatvāt	साध्य के समान होने के कारण – जब कोई वस्तु उस वस्तु के समान हो जाती है जिसे सिद्ध करना है	Due to being identical with the probandum – when something is the same as that which is to be established
अहेतुः	ahetuḥ	हेतु न होने वाला – जो कारण नहीं है	Not a reason – that which does not serve as a logical reason

Concept List

• साध्यसमत्व (identity with the probandum)
• अहेतु (non-reason)
• साध्य (probandum)
• हेत्वाभास (fallacy)

Subject–Verb–Object Triples

• साध्यसमत्व (identity with the probandum) – causes – अहेतु (non-reason)
• अहेतु (non-reason) – results from – साध्यसमत्व (identity with the probandum)

Triple Tables

Hindi

विषय (S)	संबंध (V)	वस्तु (O)
साध्यसमत्व	कारण बनता है	अहेतु
अहेतु	उत्पन्न होता है	साध्यसमत्व

English

Subject (S)	Relation (V)	Object (O)
Identity with the probandum	causes	Non-reason
Non-reason	results from	Identity with the probandum

Translation/Explanation

Hindi

यदि कोई कारण (हेतु) उस वस्तु के समान हो जाए जिसे सिद्ध करना है (साध्य), तो वह कारण नहीं माना जाता, अर्थात् वह अहेतु कहलाता है। यह न्यायशास्त्र में हेत्वाभास की एक विशेषता है, जहाँ साध्य और हेतु में भेद न होने पर तर्क असंगत हो जाता है।

English

If a reason (hetu) is identical with the probandum (sādhya), it is not considered a valid reason; it is termed a non-reason (ahetu). This is a characteristic of fallacious reasoning (hetvābhāsa) in Nyāya, where the lack of distinction between the reason and what is to be established renders the argument invalid.