Sutra 1 2 15

Sutra 1_2_15

Original Text:

वाक्छलमेवोपचारच्छलं तदविशेषात्

Word-by-Word Breakdown

Sanskrit Term	Transliteration	Hindi Meaning	English Meaning
वाक्छलम्	vāk-chalam	वाणी का छल – बोलचाल में छल करना	Deception in speech; verbal trickery
एव	eva	केवल – मात्र, विशेष रूप से	Only; specifically; just
उपचारच्छलम्	upacāra-chalam	उपमा या रूपक के माध्यम से छल – शब्दों के अर्थ का विस्तार करके छल करना	Deception through figurative usage; trickery by extended meaning
तत्	tat	वह – उपर्युक्त (उपचारच्छल)	That; the aforementioned (here: upacāra-chalam)
अविशेषात्	aviśeṣāt	भेद न होने के कारण – अंतर न होने से	Due to non-difference; because there is no distinction

Concept List

• वाक्छलम् (verbal deception)
• उपचारच्छलम् (deception by figurative usage)
• अविशेष (non-distinction)

Subject–Verb–Object Triples

• वाक्छलम् – is considered as – उपचारच्छलम्
• उपचारच्छलम् – is not distinct from – वाक्छलम्

Triple Tables

Hindi

विषय (S)	संबंध (V)	वस्तु (O)
वाक्छलम्	के रूप में माना जाता है	उपचारच्छलम्
उपचारच्छलम्	भिन्न नहीं है	वाक्छलम्

English

Subject (S)	Relation (V)	Object (O)
vākchalam (verbal deception)	is considered as	upacārachalam (deception by figurative usage)
upacārachalam (deception by figurative usage)	is not distinct from	vākchalam (verbal deception)

Translation/Explanation

Hindi

इस सूत्र में कहा गया है कि वाणी में छल (वाक्छल) और उपमा या रूपक के माध्यम से किया गया छल (उपचारच्छल) में कोई भेद नहीं है। दोनों का स्वरूप एक ही है, क्योंकि दोनों में अर्थ को बदलकर या छिपाकर छल किया जाता है।

English

This sūtra states that verbal deception (vākchalam) and deception through figurative or extended usage (upacārachalam) are not different in essence. Both involve manipulating or obscuring meaning through speech, and therefore, they are considered the same in the context of Nyāya analysis.

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Edited Concept List

• वाक्छलम् (verbal deception)
• उपचारच्छलम् (deception by figurative usage)

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Edited SVO

Subject (S)	Relation (V)	Object (O)
वाक्छलम् (verbal deception)	is considered as	उपचारच्छलम् (deception by figurative usage)