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Added/updated by bot page Sutra_4_2_31

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== Sutra 4_2_31 ==
'''Original Text:'''
<pre>
प्रमाणानुपपत्त्युपपत्तिभ्याम्
</pre>

== Word-by-Word Breakdown ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning
|-
| प्रमाण || pramāṇa || ज्ञान का प्रमाण – ज्ञान को प्रमाणित करने वाला साधन || means of valid knowledge
|-
| अनुपपत्ति || anupapatti || असिद्धि – किसी बात की सिद्धि न होना || non-establishment; absence of justification
|-
| उपपत्ति || upapatti || सिद्धि – किसी बात की पुष्टि या प्रमाण || establishment; logical justification
|-
| भ्याम् || -bhyām || द्वारा – दो कारणों से || by (the two); by means of (dual instrumental)
|}

== Concept List ==

* प्रमाण (pramāṇa) – means of valid knowledge
* अनुपपत्ति (anupapatti) – non-establishment
* उपपत्ति (upapatti) – establishment

== Subject–Verb–Object Triples ==

* प्रमाण – is established by – उपपत्ति
* प्रमाण – is refuted by – अनुपपत्ति

== Triple Tables ==

=== Hindi ===
{| class="wikitable"
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O)
|-
| प्रमाण || द्वारा सिद्ध होता है || उपपत्ति
|-
| प्रमाण || द्वारा खंडित होता है || अनुपपत्ति
|}

=== English ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
|-
| pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) || is established by || upapatti (establishment)
|-
| pramāṇa (means of valid knowledge) || is refuted by || anupapatti (non-establishment)
|}

== Translation/Explanation ==

=== Hindi ===
इस सूत्र में कहा गया है कि प्रमाण (ज्ञान का प्रमाण) की सिद्धि या असिद्धि दो उपायों से होती है – उपपत्ति (तर्क द्वारा पुष्टि) और अनुपपत्ति (तर्क द्वारा असिद्धि)। यदि किसी प्रमाण की तर्कसंगत पुष्टि हो जाती है तो वह स्वीकार्य है, और यदि उसकी तर्कसंगत असिद्धि हो जाती है तो वह अस्वीकार्य है।

=== English ===
This sūtra states that the validity or invalidity of a means of knowledge (pramāṇa) is determined by two methods: establishment (upapatti) through logical justification, and non-establishment (anupapatti) through logical refutation. If a pramāṇa is logically established, it is accepted; if it is logically refuted, it is rejected.

Sutra 4 2 31 - Revision history

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