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Added/updated by bot page Sutra_4_2_12

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== Sutra 4_2_12 ==
'''Original Text:'''
<pre>
अवयवान्तरभावेऽप्यवृत्तेरहेतुः
</pre>

== Word-by-Word Breakdown ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning
|-
| अवयव-अन्तर-भावेऽपि || avayava-antara-bhāve'pi || अवयवों के अन्यत्व की स्थिति में भी – जब अवयव अलग-अलग हों तब भी || even when there is the existence of difference among components
|-
| अवृत्तेः || avṛtteḥ || व्याप्ति के अभाव का – व्याप्ति न होने का || of the absence of pervasion (vyāpti)
|-
| अहेतुः || ahetuḥ || हेतु नहीं है – कारण नहीं है || is not a reason (not a cause)
|}

== Concept List ==

* अवयव-अन्तर-भाव (existence of difference among components)
* अवृत्ति (absence of pervasion)
* अहेतु (not a reason)

== Subject–Verb–Object Triples ==

* अवृत्ति – does not constitute – अहेतु
* अवयव-अन्तर-भाव – does not entail – अवृत्ति

== Triple Tables ==

=== Hindi ===

{| class="wikitable"
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O)
|-
| अवृत्ति || कारण नहीं बनता है || अहेतु
|-
| अवयव-अन्तर-भाव || व्याप्ति का अभाव नहीं दर्शाता || अवृत्ति
|}

=== English ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
|-
| Absence of pervasion || does not constitute || Not a reason
|-
| Existence of difference among components || does not entail || Absence of pervasion
|}

== Translation/Explanation ==

=== Hindi ===
इस सूत्र का अर्थ है कि यदि अवयवों में भिन्नता (अर्थात् अवयव अलग-अलग हैं) पाई जाए, तो भी केवल इस कारण से व्याप्ति का अभाव नहीं माना जा सकता, और यह कारण (अहेतु) नहीं बनता। न्यायशास्त्र में, यह सूत्र बताता है कि अवयवों के भिन्न होने से व्याप्ति के अभाव का निष्कर्ष नहीं निकाला जा सकता।

=== English ===
This sūtra means that even if there is a difference among the components (i.e., the components are distinct), this alone does not imply the absence of pervasion (vyāpti), and thus, it does not constitute a valid reason (ahetu). In the context of Nyāya philosophy, the sūtra clarifies that the mere difference among components does not lead to the conclusion of absence of pervasion.

Sutra 4 2 12 - Revision history

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