imported>Gagan at 09:39, 16 May 2025

2025-05-16T09:39:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:09, 16 May 2025
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	=== English ===		=== English ===
	This sūtra states that in the case of non-perceptible objects, such as the gavaya (wild ox), we observe the epistemic function of upamāna (analogy) as a means of valid knowledge. In other words, analogy serves as a valid means for knowing objects that cannot be directly perceived.		This sūtra states that in the case of non-perceptible objects, such as the gavaya (wild ox), we observe the epistemic function of upamāna (analogy) as a means of valid knowledge. In other words, analogy serves as a valid means for knowing objects that cannot be directly perceived.
			----

			==== <big>Edited Concept List</big> ====

			*प्रत्यक्ष
			*प्रमाण
			* उपमान

imported>Vij: Added/updated by bot page Sutra_2_1_48

2025-04-17T18:41:13Z

Added/updated by bot page Sutra_2_1_48

New page

== Sutra 2_1_48 ==
'''Original Text:'''
<pre>
नाप्रत्यक्षे गवये प्रमाणार्थमुपमानस्य पश्यामः
</pre>

== Word-by-Word Breakdown ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning
|-
| न || na || नहीं – अभाव या निषेध का बोधक || not; negation
|-
| अप्रत्यक्षे || apratyakṣe || जो प्रत्यक्ष नहीं है – जो इन्द्रियों से प्रत्यक्ष न हो || in the non-perceptible; not directly perceived
|-
| गवये || gavaye || गवा जैसा जानवर – जंगली बैल (गवय) || gavaya; a wild ox (Bos gavaeus)
|-
| प्रमाणार्थम् || pramāṇārtham || प्रमाण के उद्देश्य के लिए – ज्ञान के साधन के प्रयोजन हेतु || for the purpose of valid knowledge; for the function of a means of knowledge
|-
| उपमानस्य || upamānasya || उपमान के – उपमान प्रमाण का || of comparison (upamāna, analogy)
|-
| पश्यामः || paśyāmaḥ || हम देखते हैं – अनुभव करते हैं, मानते हैं || we observe; we recognize
|}

== Concept List ==

* अप्रत्यक्ष वस्तु
* गवय (गवा जैसा जंगली पशु)
* प्रमाण (प्रमाण)
* उपमान (उपमान प्रमाण)
* उपमान का प्रमाणार्थ (उपमान का ज्ञान-साधन रूप)
* प्रत्यक्ष (इन्द्रियजन्य ज्ञान)

== Subject–Verb–Object Triples ==

* उपमान – प्रमाणार्थ प्रदान करता है – अप्रत्यक्ष वस्तु
* हम – उपमान का प्रमाणार्थ देखते हैं – अप्रत्यक्ष वस्तु

== Triple Tables ==

=== Hindi ===

{| class="wikitable"
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O)
|-
| उपमान || प्रमाणार्थ प्रदान करता है || अप्रत्यक्ष वस्तु
|-
| हम || उपमान का प्रमाणार्थ देखते हैं || अप्रत्यक्ष वस्तु
|}

=== English ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
|-
| Upamāna (analogy) || provides means of valid knowledge || non-perceptible object
|-
| We || observe the epistemic function of analogy || non-perceptible object
|}

== Translation/Explanation ==

=== Hindi ===
इस सूत्र में कहा गया है कि जब कोई वस्तु प्रत्यक्ष नहीं होती, जैसे गवय (जंगली बैल), तब हम उपमान प्रमाण का प्रमाणार्थ (ज्ञान-साधन रूप) देखते हैं। अर्थात्, उपमान प्रमाण उन वस्तुओं के ज्ञान के लिए उपयोगी है, जिन्हें प्रत्यक्ष रूप से नहीं जाना जा सकता।

=== English ===
This sūtra states that in the case of non-perceptible objects, such as the gavaya (wild ox), we observe the epistemic function of upamāna (analogy) as a means of valid knowledge. In other words, analogy serves as a valid means for knowing objects that cannot be directly perceived.

Sutra 2 1 48 - Revision history

imported>Gagan at 09:39, 16 May 2025

imported>Vij: Added/updated by bot page Sutra_2_1_48