imported>Gagan at 08:51, 28 April 2025

2025-04-28T08:51:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:21, 28 April 2025
Line 90:		Line 90:
	'''English:'''		'''English:'''
	This sūtra enumerates six types of fallacies (hetvābhāsas) according to the Nyāya system: savyabhichāra, viruddha, prakaraṇa, samasādhya, samakāla, and atītā. All these are forms of reasoning that appear to be valid causes but are actually faulty and do not lead to true knowledge. Their use in argumentation results in erroneous conclusions.		This sūtra enumerates six types of fallacies (hetvābhāsas) according to the Nyāya system: savyabhichāra, viruddha, prakaraṇa, samasādhya, samakāla, and atītā. All these are forms of reasoning that appear to be valid causes but are actually faulty and do not lead to true knowledge. Their use in argumentation results in erroneous conclusions.
			----

			==== <big>Edited Concept List</big> ====

			*सव्यभिचार (savyabhichāra)
			*विरुद्ध (viruddha)
			*प्रकरणसम (prakaraṇasama)
			*साध्यसम (sādhyasama)
			*कालातीता (kālatītā)
			* हेत्वाभास (hetvābhāsa)

			----

			==== <big>Edited SVO</big> ====
			{\| class="wikitable"
			! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
			\|-
			\| सव्यभिचार (savyabhichāra) \|\| is classified as \|\| हेत्वाभास (hetvābhāsa)
			\|-
			\| विरुद्ध (viruddha) \|\| is classified as \|\| हेत्वाभास (hetvābhāsa)
			\|-
			\| प्रकरणसम (prakaraṇasama) \|\| is classified as \|\| हेत्वाभास (hetvābhāsa)
			\|-
			\| साध्यसम (sādhyasama) \|\| is classified as \|\| हेत्वाभास (hetvābhāsa)
			\|-
			\| कालातीता (kālatītā) \|\| is classified as \|\| हेत्वाभास (hetvābhāsa)
			\|}

imported>Vij: Added/updated by bot page Sutra_1_2_4

2025-04-17T18:22:44Z

Added/updated by bot page Sutra_1_2_4

New page

== Sutra 1_2_4 ==
'''Original Text:'''
<pre>
सव्यभिचारविरुद्धप्रकरणसमसाध्यसमकालातीता हेत्वाभासाः
</pre>

== Word-by-Word Breakdown ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Sanskrit Term !! Transliteration !! Hindi Meaning !! English Meaning
|-
| सव्यभिचार || savyabhichāra || जो अन्य कारणों के साथ मेल खाता है || that which is concomitant with alternatives (inconclusive reason)
|-
| विरुद्ध || viruddha || जो विपरीत पक्ष में भी पाया जाता है || that which is present in the opposite (contradictory reason)
|-
| प्रकरण || prakaraṇa || जो प्रसंग या संदर्भ से असंगत है || that which is irrelevant to the context (irrelevant reason)
|-
| समसाध्य || samasādhya || जो साध्य के साथ समान रूप से पाया जाता है || that which is equally present in the subject and the predicate (equally present reason)
|-
| समकाल || samakāla || जो एक ही समय में पाया जाता है || that which is simultaneous (contemporaneous reason)
|-
| अतीता || atītā || जो समय से बाहर या बीत चुका है || that which is past (outdated reason)
|-
| हेत्वाभासाः || hetvābhāsāḥ || जो कारण के समान प्रतीत होते हैं, परन्तु वास्तविक नहीं हैं || those which appear as reasons but are not valid (fallacies of reason)
|}

== Concept List ==

* सव्यभिचार (savyabhichāra)
* विरुद्ध (viruddha)
* प्रकरण (prakaraṇa)
* समसाध्य (samasādhya)
* समकाल (samakāla)
* अतीता (atītā)
* हेत्वाभास (hetvābhāsa)

== Subject–Verb–Object Triples ==

* सव्यभिचार — is classified as — हेत्वाभास
* विरुद्ध — is classified as — हेत्वाभास
* प्रकरण — is classified as — हेत्वाभास
* समसाध्य — is classified as — हेत्वाभास
* समकाल — is classified as — हेत्वाभास
* अतीता — is classified as — हेत्वाभास

== Triple Tables ==

=== Hindi ===

{| class="wikitable"
! विषय (S) !! संबंध (V) !! वस्तु (O)
|-
| सव्यभिचार || हेत्वाभास के रूप में वर्गीकृत है || हेत्वाभास
|-
| विरुद्ध || हेत्वाभास के रूप में वर्गीकृत है || हेत्वाभास
|-
| प्रकरण || हेत्वाभास के रूप में वर्गीकृत है || हेत्वाभास
|-
| समसाध्य || हेत्वाभास के रूप में वर्गीकृत है || हेत्वाभास
|-
| समकाल || हेत्वाभास के रूप में वर्गीकृत है || हेत्वाभास
|-
| अतीता || हेत्वाभास के रूप में वर्गीकृत है || हेत्वाभास
|}

=== English ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Subject (S) !! Relation (V) !! Object (O)
|-
| savyabhichāra || is classified as || hetvābhāsa
|-
| viruddha || is classified as || hetvābhāsa
|-
| prakaraṇa || is classified as || hetvābhāsa
|-
| samasādhya || is classified as || hetvābhāsa
|-
| samakāla || is classified as || hetvābhāsa
|-
| atītā || is classified as || hetvābhāsa
|}

== Translation/Explanation ==

'''Hindi:'''
इस सूत्र में न्यायशास्त्र के अनुसार छह प्रकार के हेत्वाभास (मिथ्या कारण) बताए गए हैं: सव्यभिचार, विरुद्ध, प्रकरण, समसाध्य, समकाल और अतीता। ये सभी ऐसे तर्क हैं जो देखने में कारण प्रतीत होते हैं, परन्तु वास्तविक प्रमाण नहीं होते। इनका प्रयोग तर्क में दोषपूर्ण परिणाम देता है।

'''English:'''
This sūtra enumerates six types of fallacies (hetvābhāsas) according to the Nyāya system: savyabhichāra, viruddha, prakaraṇa, samasādhya, samakāla, and atītā. All these are forms of reasoning that appear to be valid causes but are actually faulty and do not lead to true knowledge. Their use in argumentation results in erroneous conclusions.

Sutra 1 2 4 - Revision history

imported>Gagan at 08:51, 28 April 2025

imported>Vij: Added/updated by bot page Sutra_1_2_4